Hypokalemia
1 Normal plasma potassium concentration inside cells is about ?
A. 50 mmol/L
B. 100 mmol/L
C. 150 mmol/L
D. 200 mmol/L
2 Normally, ratio of ICF to ECF K+ concentration is ?
A. 28:1
B. 38:1
C. 48:1
D. 58:1
3 The basolateral Na-K ATPase pump actively transports potassium in & sodium out of the cell in a ratio of ?
A. 1 : 2
B. 2 : 3
C. 3 : 4
D. 4 : 5
4 K+ intake in an average western diet is ?
A. 10 - 40 mmol/day
B. 40 - 120 mmol/day
C. 120 - 350 mmol/day
D. 350 - 550 mmol/day
5 Potassium delivery to distal nephron approximates ?
A. Dietary excess
B. Dietary intake
C. Dietary deficiency
D. Daily requirement
6 All regulation of renal potassium excretion & total body potassium balance occurs in ?
A. Proximal convoluted tubule
B. Loop of Henle
C. Distal nephron
D. All of the above
7 Aldosterone is secreted by zona glomerulosa cells of adrenal cortex in response to ?
A. High renin
B. High angiotensin II
C. Hyperkalemia
D. All of the above
8 Hypokalemia is defined as a plasma potassium concentration of ?
A. < 3.5 mmol/L
B. < 3.6 mmol/L
C. < 3.7 mmol/L
D. < 3.8 mmol/L
9 Which of the following is a cause of decreased potassium intake ?
A. Ingestion of excess carbohydrates
B. Ingestion of excess proteins
C. Ingestion of excess fats
D. Ingestion of clay (geophagia)
10 Hypokalemia is associated frequently with ?
A. Metabolic acidosis
B. Metabolic alkalosis
C. Respiratory acidosis
D. Respiratory alkalosis
11 Which of the following is a cause of hypokalemia ?
A. Metabolic alkalosis
B. Treatment of DKA with insulin
C. Uncontrolled hyperglycemia
D. All of the above
12 Which of the following is a cause of hypokalemia ?
A. Patients of pernicious anemia treated with vitamin B12
B. Patients of neutropenia treated with GM-CSF
C. Massive transfusion with thawed washed RBCs
D. All of the above
13 Which of the following is a cause of hypokalemia ?
A. Excessive sweating
B. Hyperaldosteronism
C. Laxative abuse
D. All of the above
14 Which of the following is the least likely cause of hypokalemia ?
A. Excessive sweating
B. Loss of gastric secretions
C. Laxative abuse
D. None of the above
15 Hypokalemia due to loss of gastric contents is due to ?
A. Volume depletion
B. Metabolic alkalosis
C. A+B
D. Neither A, nor B
16 Primary hyperaldosteronism is due to dysregulated aldosterone secretion by ?
A. Adrenal adenoma
B. Adrenal carcinoma
C. Adrenocortical hyperplasia
D. All of the above
17 Tumor that produce renin include ?
A. Renal cell carcinoma
B. Ovarian carcinoma
C. Wilms’ tumor
D. All of the above
18 Which of the following is false about ‘Liddle’s syndrome’ ?
A. Autosomal dominant
B. Hypertension
C. Hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis
D. Excess renin and aldosterone secretion
19 Bartter’s syndrome is characterized by ?
A. Hypokalemia
B. Metabolic alkalosis
C. Hyperreninemic hyperaldosteronism
D. All of the above
20 Which of the following laboratory abnormalities is seen only in chronic renal failure ?
A. Anemia
B. Hypocalcemia
C. Hyperphosphatemia
D. Radiographic evidence of renal osteodystrophy
21 Which of the following is false regarding ECG changes of hypokalemia ?
A. Delayed ventricular repolarization
B. Do not correlate well with plasma K+ levels
C. Prominent U wave
D. Shortened QU interval
22 Which of the following ECG changes denote severe K+ depletion ?
A. Prominent U wave
B. Inversion of T wave
C. Prolonged PR interval
D. Prolonged QU interval
23 Hypokalemia with minimal renal potassium excretion suggests that potassium loss is through ?
A. Skin
B. Gastrointestinal tract
C. Diuretic use
D. Any of the above
24 Hypokalemia with Transtubular K+ concentration gradient (TTKG) greater than how much suggests renal K+ loss due to increased distal K+ secretion ?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
25 A decrement of 1 mmol/L in plasma potassium concentration may represent a total body potassium deficit of ?
A. 20 to 40 mmol
B. 50 to 100 mmol
C. 100 to 200 mmol
D. 200 to 400 mmol
26 Plasma potassium levels of < 3 mmol/L require how much potassium to correct the deficit ?
A. 100 mmol
B. 200 mmol
C. 400 mmol
D. 600 mmol
27 It is generally safer to correct hypokalemia via which route ?
A. Oral
B. Peripheral vein
C. Central vein
D. Per rectum
28 Which is the preparation of choice for correction of hypokalemia with metabolic alkalosis?
A. Potassium chloride
B. Potassium bicarbonate
C. Potassium citrate
D. None of the above
29 Rate of IV infusion of potassium in severe hypokalemia should not exceed ?
A. 20 mmol/hour
B. 40 mmol/hour
C. 60 mmol/hour
D. 80 mmol/hour
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