Edema
1 Edema is defined as a clinically apparent increase in ?
A. Intracellular fluid volume
B. Plasma volume
C. Interstitial fluid volume
D. All of the above
2 Which of the following is referred to as “tissue tension” ?
A. Hydrostatic pressure within the vascular system
B. Colloid oncotic pressure within the vascular system
C. Hydrostatic pressure within the interstitial fluid
D. All of the above
3 Movement of water & diffusible solutes from vascular space into the interstitial space occurs at ?
A. Arteriolar end of capillaries
B. Venous end of capillaries
C. Lymphatics
D. All of the above
4 Conditions that reduce effective arterial blood volume cause constriction of which of the following ?
A. Renal afferent arteriolar constriction
B. Renal efferent arteriolar constriction
C. Renal glomerular capillary constriction
D. All of the above
5 Which of the following stimulates renin release ?
A. Diminished stretch of the juxtaglomerular cells
B. Low sodium chloride load in distal renal tubules
C. Circulating catecholamines
D. All of the above
6 Angiotensinogen is synthesized by ?
A. Kidney
B. Liver
C. Pancreas
D. Lung
7 Renin is which of the following kinds ?
A. Enzyme
B. Pro-hormone
C. Hormone
D. Cofactor
8 Renal effects of Angiotensin II are mediated by activation of which type of Angiotensin II receptors ?
A. Type 1
B. Type 2
C. Type 3
D. Type 4
9 Aldosterone is produced by ?
A. Juxtaglomerular cells of kidney
B. Macula densa cells of kidney
C. Zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex
D. Zona reticularis of adrenal cortex
10 In heart failure, aldosterone secretion is elevated due to ?
A. Prolongation of biologic half-life
B. Increased secretion
C. Reduced hepatic catabolism
D. All of the above
11 Activation of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone (RAA) system is most striking in which of the following ?
A. Acute, severe heart failure
B. Chronic heart failure
C. Stable heart failure
D. Compensated heart failure
12 Mineralocorticoid escape phenomenon is best explained by ?
A. Deficit in effective arterial blood volume
B. Aldosterone antagonism
C. Pressure natriuresis
D. Blocking of epithelial sodium channels
13 Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is stored in secretory granules within ?
A. Sinoatrial node
B. Atrial myocytes
C. Pulmonary veins
D. All of the above
14 Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is present in ?
A. Cardiac ventricular myocardium
B. Cerebral cortex
C. Cerebellum
D. All of the above
15 Antihypertensive agents associated with edema formation include all except ?
A. Minoxidil
B. Hydralazine
C. Clonidine
D. Atenolol
16 Antihypertensive agents associated with edema formation include all except ?
A. Methyldopa
B. Calcium channel antagonists
C. ACE Inhibitors
D. Alpha Adrenergic antagonists
17 Steroid hormones associated with edema formation include all except ?
A. Glucocorticoids
B. Mineralocorticoids
C. Anabolic steroids
D. Estrogens / Progestins
18 Which of the following is associated with edema formation ?
A. Cyclosporine
B. Growth hormone
C. Interleukin 2
D. All of the above
19 Which of the following is false about idiopathic edema ?
A. Occurs in women
B. Edema unrelated to menstrual cycle
C. Occurs after upright posture
D. None of the above
20 Causes of facial edema include ?
A. Trichinosis
B. Allergic reactions
C. Myxedema
D. All of the above
21 Venous pressure in upper extremities is elevated in all except ?
A. Advanced heart failure
B. Constrictive pericarditis
C. Tricuspid stenosis
D. Cirrhosis liver
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