Diseases of the Esophagus
1 Dysphagia is defined as a sensation of “sticking” or obstruction of the passage of food through ?
A. Mouth
B. Pharynx
C. Esophagus
D. All of the above
2 Foreign body sensation localized in the neck is termed as ?
A. Odynophagia
B. Globus pharyngeus
C. Transfer dysphagia
D. Phagophobia
3 Which of the following is characteristic of oropharyngeal dysphagia ?
A. Odynophagia
B. Globus pharyngeus
C. Transfer dysphagia
D. Phagophobia
4 Whihc of the following may have a psychogenic cause of dysphagia ?
A. Globus pharyngeus
B. Transfer dysphagia
C. Phagophobia
D. All of the above
5 “Deglutitive inhibition” best relates to which of the following ?
A. Smell
B. Mastication
C. Peristaltic contraction of esophagus
D. Gastroesophageal reflux
6 Deglutitive inhibition refers to ?
A. Complete esophageal obstruction
B. Difficulty in initiating a swallow
C. Inhibition that precedes peristaltic contraction
D. Misdirection of food
7 Peristalsis that begins at the point of oesophageal distentionand proceeds distally is called ?
A. Primary peristalsis
B. Secondary peristalsis
C. Tertiary peristalsis
D. Any of the above
8 Which of the following oesophageal contractions is nonperistaltic ?
A. Primary peristalsis
B. Secondary peristalsis
C. Tertiary peristalsis
D. Any of the above
9 Which of the following is a part of upper esophageal sphincter (UES) physiologically ?
A. Cricopharyngeus muscle
B. Inferior pharyngeal constrictor
C. Proximal portion of cervical esophagus
D. All of the above
10 Innervation to the musculature acting on UES to facilitate its opening during swallowing comes from ?
A. Fifth cranial nerve
B. Seventh cranial nerve
C. Twelfth cranial nerve
D. All of the above
11 Which of the following is involved in keeping UES closed at rest ?
A. Cricopharyngeus muscle
B. Inferior pharyngeal constrictor
C. Proximal portion of cervical esophagus
D. All of the above
12 Which of the following is a muscle of upper esophageal sphincter (UES) ?
A. Cricopharyngeus muscle
B. Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscles
C. Geniohyoid muscle
D. All of the above
13 Which of the following muscle is involved in opening UES during swallowing ?
A. Geniohyoid
B. Mylohyoid
C. Stylohyoid
D. Styloglossus
14 Motor dysphagia refers to ?
A. Weakness of peristaltic contractions
B. Impaired deglutitive inhibition
C. Impaired sphincter relaxation
D. All of the above
15 Length of adult esophagus is ?
A. 12 - 16 cm
B. 14 - 20 cm
C. 16 - 24 cm
D. 18 - 26 cm
16 In an adult, esophageal lumen can distend up to ?
A. 4 cm in diameter
B. 6 cm in diameter
C. 8 cm in diameter
D. 10 cm in diameter
17 Hallmark of oropharyngeal dysphagia is ?
A. Food impaction
B. Odynophagia
C. Nasal regurgitation
D. Hoarseness
18 Which of the following skin diseases may involve the esophagus ?
A. Scleroderma
B. Pemphigoid
C. Epidermolysis bullosa
D. All of the above
19 Gastric distention-evoked transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation (tLESR) is a ?
A. Stretch reflex
B. Chemical reflex
C. Vasovagal reflex
D. All of the above
20 Agents that increase LES pressure are all except ?
A. Substance P
B. Prostaglandin F2
C. Secretin
D. Gastrin
21 Agents that reduce LES pressure are all except ?
A. Cholecystokinin
B. Secretin
C. Dopamine
D. Gastrin
22 Agents that reduce LES pressure are all except ?
A. VIP
B. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)
C. Prostaglandin E
D. Prostaglandin F2a
23 Agents that reduce LES pressure are all except ?
A. Adenosine
B. Dopamine
C. Substance P
D. Nitrates
24 Which of the following statements about upper esophageal sphincter (UES) is false ?
A. Formed by cricopharyngeus & inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscles
B. These muscles exhibit myogenic tone
C. These muscles receive no inhibitory innervation
D. Opened by central inhibition of sphincter muscles
25 Which of the following statements about lower esophageal sphincter (LES) is false ?
A. Innervated by parallel sets of parasympathetic excitatory & inhibitory pathways
B. Opens in response to activity of inhibitory nerves
C. Neurotransmitters of excitatory nerves are acetylcholine, substance P & nitric oxide
D. Neurotransmitters of inhibitory nerves is VIP
26 The most common esophageal symptom is ?
A. Heartburn
B. Regurgitation
C. Water brash
D. Globus sensation
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