Dyspnea

Dyspnea

1 Which of the following features of breathing define dyspnea ?
A. Abnormal
B. Uncomfortable
C. Awareness
D. All of the above


2 Sudden and unexpected dyspneic episodes at rest can be associated with all except ?
A. Pulmonary emboli
B. Spontaneous pneumothorax
C. Metabolic acidemia
D. Anxiety


3 Which of the following is most characteristic of severe paroxysmal dyspnea of left ventricular failure ?
A. Nocturnal episodes
B. Sudden and unexpected
C. Orthopnea
D. All of the above


4 Orthopnea is seen in ?
A. Congestive heart failure
B. Asthma & COPD
C. Bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis
D. All of the above


5 Platypnea is dyspnea that occurs in which position ?
A. Upright
B. Sitting
C. Supine
D. Lateral


6 Trepopnea most often occurs in patients with ?
A. Asthma
B. COPD
C. Heart disease
D. Pleural effusion


7 The sense of air hunger arises from ?
A. Increased respiratory activity in brainstem
B. Stimulation of vagal-irritant receptors
C. Chemoreceptors in aortic and carotid bodies
D. Afferent fibers in the phrenic nerves


8 The sensation of chest tightness probably results from ?
A. Increased respiratory activity in brainstem
B. Stimulation of vagal-irritant receptors
C. Chemoreceptors in aortic and carotid bodies
D. Afferent fibers in the phrenic nerves


9 In chronic bronchitis, which of the following is the predominant sensory experience ?
A. Inability to take in a sufficiently deep breath
B. Difficulty in exhaling
C. Difficulty in inhaling and exhaling
D. Any of the above


10 Obstruction of airways is an invariable finding in ?
A. Asthma
B. Chronic bronchitis
C. Emphysema
D. All of the above


11 Chronic cor pulmonale & respiratory failure is more common in which of the following diseases ?
A. Severe kyphoscoliosis
B. Pectus excavatum
C. Ankylosing spondylitis
D. Rheumatoid arthritis


12 J (juxtacapillary) receptors are found in ?
A. Bronchi
B. Terminal brochiole
C. Alveolar interstitial space
D. All of the above


13 Which of the following is called “cardiac asthma” ?
A. Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)
B. Orthopnea
C. Platypnea
D. Trepopnea


14 “Nocturnal dyspnea” is a feature of which of the following ?
A. Heart failure
B. Chronic bronchitis
C. Asthma
D. All of the above


15 Echocardiographically, which of the following is not a feature of left ventricular failure ?
A. Left atrial dilatation
B. Left ventricular hypertrophy
C. Reduced left ventricular ejection fraction
D. Reduced right ventricular ejection fraction


16 In neurocirculatory asthenia, the electrocardiographic changes are most often seen during ?
A. Depolarization
B. Repolarization
C. Depolarization + Repolarization
D. Any of the above


17 Frequent sighing respirations & irregular breathing patternsuggest which cause of dyspnea ?
A. Psychogenic
B. Cardiac
C. Pulmonary
D. Diseases of chest wall or respiratory muscles


18 Pulmonary edema due to “imbalance of Starling forces” includes all of the following except ?
A. Increased pulmonary capillary pressure
B. Decreased plasma oncotic pressure
C. Endogenous vasoactive substances
D. Increased negativity of interstitial pressure


19 Which of the following is termed “overperfusion pulmonary edema” ?
A. Increased pulmonary venous pressure without LVF
B. Increased pulmonary venous pressure secondary to LVF
C. Increased pulmonary capillary pressure secondary to increased pulmonary arterial pressure
D. All of the above


20 High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is more common in persons of which age ?
A. Infants
B. < 25 years
C. 30 to 60 years
D. > 75 years


21 Which of the following diffuse pulmonary edema does not have a hemodynamic origin ?
A. Shock due to sepsis
B. Shock due to hemorrhagic pancreatitis
C. Shock following cardiopulmonary bypass
D. All of the above


22 Prophylactic inhalation of which of the following reduces the incidence of high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) ?
A. Beta-2 agonist salmeterol
B. Steroid
C. Ipratropium bromide
D. Chromolyn


23 Neurogenic pulmonary edema has been described in ?
A. Central nervous system disorders
B. Peripheral nervous system disorders
C. Central + peripheral nervous system disorders
D. Any of the above


24 Overdoses of which of the following heroin preparations is associated with pulmonary edema ?
A. Morphine
B. Methadone
C. Dextropropoxyphene
D. All of the above


25 Which of the following leads to the development of interstitial edema ?
A. Rapid evacuation of a large pneumothorax
B. Acute severe asthma
C. Lymphangitic carcinomatosis
D. All of the above